Les études des élites politiques expliquent-elles comment les institutions deviennent des institutions ?
Mots-clés :
Institutions, Élites politiques, Path-dependency, Recrutement et carrière politiqueRésumé
O ponto de partida deste artigo foi a constatação do desaparecimento da teoria das elites da agenda da Ciência Política nas últimas três décadas. As razões para esse fenômeno podem ser identificadas em dois elementos: de um lado, o tipo de questões propostas pelos autores filiados a essa escola (se elites continuam a existir em democracias e se elas são coesas ou divididas) e, de outro, a influência adquirida pelas teorias institucionalistas. Considerando que o principal desafio posto às teorias de instituições políticas consiste em endogeneizar as explicações sobre a formação, estabilidade e mudança institucionais, o autor reconhece o potencial dos estudos de elites políticas para, através do exame de padrões de ingresso e circulação em grupos dirigentes, oferecer pistas para uma compreensão mais refinada sobre como instituições perduram no tempo.
Téléchargements
Références
ALEXANDER , Jeffrey (1995), F in de siècle social theory. Relativism , reduction and the problem o f reason. London, Verso.
ARROW , Kenneth. (1951), Social choice and in d iv id u al values. New Haven, Yale University.
BADIE, Bertrand; B IR N B A U N , Pierre (1979), Sociologie de I ’Etat. Paris, Gasset.
BARTOLINI, Stefano (2000), The p o litic a l m obilization o f the European Left, 1860-1980: The class cleavage. Cambridge/ New York, Cambridge University Press.
BAUER, Michael; B E RTIN -MOU ROT, Bénédicte (1995), “La tyrannie du diplôme initial et la
circulation des élites: la stabilité du modèle français”, in E. Suleiman; H . Médras, Le recrutement
des élites en Europe, Paris, La Découverte, pp. 48-63.
BENTLEY, Arthur (1995 [1908]). The process o f government: a study o f social pressures. Chicago, Transaction Publishers.
BEST, Heinrich; COTTA, Maurizio (2000), Parliam entary representatives in Europe 1848-2000. Legislative recruitment and careers in eleven European countries. London, Oxford University Press.
BIRNBAUN, Pierre (1977), Les sommets de l ’Etat. Essai sur l ’elite du pouvoir en France. Paris, Seuil.
B O IX , Caries (1999), “Setting the rules o f the game: the choice o f electoral systems in advanced democracies”. American P olitical Science Review, 93, 3: 609-24, Sept.
B O U R D IE U , Pierre (1979), La distinction. Critique sociale du jugem ent. Paris, Minuit.
______. (1989a), La noblesse dE tat. Grandes écoles et esprit de corps. Paris, Minuit.
______. (1989b), “A representação política. Elementos para uma teoria do campo político”, in P. Bourdieu, O poder sim bólico, Lisboa, Bertrand, pp. 163-207.
______. (1996), Razões práticas. Sobre a teoria da ação. Campinas (SP), Papirus.
CA IN , Bruce; FE R E JO HN , John; F IO R IN A , Morris (1987), The personal vote: constituency service and electoral independence. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
CAREY, John; SHUGART, Matthew (1996), “Incentives to cultivate a personal vote: a rank ordering o f electoral formulas”. Electoral Studies, 13,4:417-39.
C H A R L E , Christophe (2006), “Como anda a história social das elites e da burguesia? Tentativa de balanço crítico da historiografia contemporânea”, in F. Heinz (org.), Por outra história das elites, Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Getúlio Vargas, pp. 19-39.
C O L L IE R , Rut; C O L L IE R , David (1991), Shaping the p o litic al arena: critical junctures, the labor movement and regime dynamics in L atin America. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
C O L O M E R , Josep (2003), “Its’s parties that choose electoral systems (or Duverger’s Laws Upside Dow n)”. Paper prepared for the American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 28-31 Aug.
C O X , Gary (1997), M aking votes count. Strategic coordination in the w orld’s electoral systems. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
CRISP, Brian et a lii (2004), “Vote-seeking incentives and legislative representation in six presidential democracies”. The Jo u rn al o f Politics, 66, 3: 823-46.
D A H L , Robert A. (1958), “A critique o f the ruling elite model”. American P olitical Science Review,
, 2: 463-9.
D IE RM E IE R , Daniel; KREHBIEL, Keith (2003), “Institutionalism as a methodology”. Journal o f Theoretical Politics, 15,2: 123-44.
D O G A N , Mattei (1999), “Les professions propices à la carrière politique”, in M . Offerlé, La profession politique. XJXe.-XXe. siècles, Paris, Belin.
ELSTER, Jon (1989), Ulisesy las sirenas. Estúdios sobre racionalidad e irracionalidad. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
EVANS, Peter; R U E SC H EM E Y E R , Dietrich; S K O C P O L , Theda (eds.) (1985), B ringing the state back in . Cambridge/ New York, University Press.
F IO R IN A , Morris (1992), D ivided government. New York, Macmillan.
______ . (1994), “Divided government in the American states: a byproduct o f legislative professionalism?”. American P olitical Science Review, 88:417-32.
______. (1997), “Professionalism, realigment and representation”. American Political Science Review, 91, 1: 152-62, March.
GAXIE, Daniel (1977), “Economie des partis et rétributions du militantisme'’. Revue Française de Science Politique, 27, 1: 123-54, Paris, fév.
______ . (1980), “Les logiques du recrutement politique”. Revue Française de Science Politique, 38, 3: 5-45, Paris, juin.
______ . (1993), La démocratie representative. Paris, Montchrestien.
GAXIE , Daniel; OFFERLE, Michael (1985), “Les militants syndicaux et associatifs au pouvoir. Capital collectif et carrière politique”, in P. Birnbaun (éd.), Les élites socialistes au pouvoir, 1981-1985. Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, pp. 105-38.
G RYNSZPAN, Mário (1996), “A teoria das elites e sua genealogia consagrada”. B IB, 41: 35-83.
______ . (1999), Ciência, p olítica e trajetórias sociais. Uma sociologia histórica da teoria das elites. Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
HALL, Peter; TAYLOR, Rosemary (1996), “Political science and the three new institutionalisms”'. Political Studies, XLIV: 936-57.
H E IN Z , Flávio (org.) (2006), Por outra história das elites. Rio de Janeiro, Fundação Getúlio Vargas.
H IR S C H M A N , Albert (1977), Salida, vozy lealtad. México, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
______ . (1992), Retóricas da intransigência: perversidade, fu tilid ad e , ameaça. São Paulo, Companhia das Letras.
IH L , Olivier (1999), ‘“Deep pockets’. Sur le recrutement ploutocratique du personnel politique”, in M . Offerlé, La profession politique. XIXe.-XXe. siècles, Paris, Belin. pp. 333-57.
KATZ, Richard; M A IR , Peter (1994), How parties organize: change and adaptation in party organizations in western democracies. Thousand Oaks, Sage.
LeD UC, Lawrence; N IE M I, Richard; N O R R IS , Pippa (1996), Comparing democracies. Elections an d voting in global perspective. London, Sage.
LIJPHART, Arend (1996), “The puzzle of Indian democracy: a consociational interpretation”. American P olitical Science Review, 90, 2:, 258-68, Washington, June.
______. (2003), Modelos de democracia. Desempenho e padrões de governo em 3 6 países. Rio de J aneiro, Civilização Brasileira.
L IM O N G I, E (1999), “Institucionalização política”, in S. Miceli (org.), O que lem a Ciência Social brasileira (1970-1995), vol. 3. São Paulo, Anpocs. pp. 101-55.
LIPSET, Seymour (1993), Consenso econflito. Lisboa, Gradiva.
M A N IN , Bernard (1995), Principesdugouvernement représentatif. Paris, Calmann-Lévy.
M A R C H , James; O LSEN , Johan (1989), Rediscovering institutions. The organizational basis o f politics. New York, Free Press.
M A ST RO PA OLO, Alfio (1990), “Parlamenti e parlamentari negli anni ottanta”. Rivista Italian a di Scienza Politica, X X , 1, aprile.
M IC H E L S , Robert (1982), A Sociologia dos partidos políticos. Brasília, UnB.
M O E , Terry (1990), “The politics o f structural choice: toward a theory o f public bureaucracy”, in O . Williamson (ed.), O rganization theory, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 116-53.
M O S C A , Gaetano (1992 [1896]), La clasepolítica. México, Fondo de Cultura Econômica.
N E W T O N , Kenneth; N O R R IS , Pippa (2000), “Confidence in public institutions: faith, cultureor performance”, in S. Pharr; R. Putnam (eds.), Disaffected democracies. W hat’s troubling the T rilateral countries?, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, pp. 52-73.
N O R R IS , Pippa (2002), Democratic phoenix: reinventingpolitical activism. New York, Cambridge University Press.
N O R T H , Douglass C. (1990), Institutions, in stitu tio n al change and economic performance. Cambridge/ New York, Cambridge University Press.
OFFERLÉ, Michel (1999), La profession politique. XIXe.-XXe. Siècles. Paris, Belin.
P A N E B IAN C O , Angelo (1990), Modelos de partidos. O rganizacióny poder en los partidos políticos. Madrid, Alianza.
PARETO, Vilfredo (1935), The m ind an d society. Harcourt, Brace.
PIERSON, Paul (2004), Politics in time. History, institutions, and social analysys. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
PETERS, B. Guy (1999), Institutional theory in P olitical Science: the new institutionalism . London/ New York, Pinter.
POLSBY, Nelson (1968), “The institutionalization o fU . S. House of Representatives”.
P olitical Science Review, LXII: 144-68, March.
PU T N AM , Robert (1976), The comparative study o f p o litic a l elites. New Jersey, Prentice Hall.
RAE, Douglas (1977), Leyes électorales y sistemas de partidos politicos. Madrid, Citep.
RIKER, William (1962), The theory o f p o litic al coalitions. New Haven, Yale University Press.
ROSAN V A LLON , Pierre (1990), L’E taten France. D e 1789 à nos jours. Paris, Seuil.
SATZ, Debra; F E R E JO H N , John (1994), “Rational choice and social theory”. The Journal o f Philosophy, X C I, 2: 96-102, New York, Feb.
SAWICKI, Frederick (1999), “Classer les hommes politiques. Les usages des indicateurs de position sociale pour la comprehension de la professionalization politique”, in M . Offerlé, La profession politique. XIXe.-XXe. Siècles, Paris, Belin. pp. 135-70.
SCOTT, John (1995), “Les élites dans la sociologie anglo-saxonne”, in E. Suleiman; H. Médras, Le recrutement des élites en Europe, Paris, La Découverte, pp. 9-23.
SHEPSLE, Kenneth (1995), “Studying institutions: some lessons from the rational choice Approach”, in ] . Farr; J. Dryzek; S. Leonard (eds.), Political Science in history: research programs and p o litic a l traditions, Cambridge/ New York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 131-49.
STEPAN, Alfred; SU L E IM A N , Ezra (2005), “jPor qué arde Francia?”. La Vanguardia, 19 nov., Institute for Human Sciences. Disponível em: .
SU LEIMAN, Ezra (1995), “Les élites delà administration et de la politique dans la France de la Ve. République: homogénéité, puissance, permanence”, in E. Suleiman; H. Médras, Le recrutement des élites en Europe, Paris, La Découverte, pp. 55-67.
SULEIMAN, Ezra; MÉDRAS, Henri (1995), Le recrutement des élites en Europe. Paris, La Découverte.
TAAGEPERA, Rein; SHUGART, Matthew (1989), Seats and votes: the effects and determinants o f electoral systems. New Heaven, Yale University Press.
TILLY, Charles (1985), “War making and state making as organized crime”, in P. Evans; D. Rueschemeyer; T. Skocpol (eds.), Bringing the state back in . Cambridge/ New York, University Press, pp. 192-227.
______ . (1996 [1990]). Coerção, cap itale Estados europeus: 990-1992. São Paulo, Edusp.
T O C Q U E V IL L E , Alexis (1994) [1835]), L a democracia en América. México, Fondo de Cultura Econômica.
TSEBELIS, George (1998), Jogos ocultos. Escolha racional no campo da p olítica comparada. São Paulo, Edusp.
______ . (2002), Veto players. How p o litic al institutions work. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
W E B E R , Max (1984), Ciência epolítica: duas vocações. Rio de Janeiro, Cultrix.
W E IN G A ST , Barry (1997), “The political foundations o f democracy and the rule o f the law”. American P olitical Science Review, 91,2: 245-63, June.
W E IR , Margaret; SKOCPOL, Theda (1985), “State structures and the possibilities for ‘keynesian’ responses to the great depression in Sweden, Britain and the United States”, in P. Evans; D. Rueschemeyer; T. Skocpol, bringing the state back Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p p . 107-63.
WRIGHT-MILLS, C. (1989 [195 G), La elite delpoder. lO.ed. Mexico, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
