Cultura e violência familiar
uma revisão crítica da literatura
Palavras-chave:
Violência conjugal, Cultura, Prevalência, AtitudesResumo
Este artigo apresenta uma revisão crítica da investigação sobre a dimensão cultural da violência conjugal, e baseia-se numa pesquisa sistemática nas revistas publicadas entre 1985 e 2005 nas bases de dados PsycARTICLES, PsycINF01887, Sociology: A SAGE Full-Text Collection,EBSCO-HOST: Research Databases e IBSS — International Bibliography o f the Social Science,para além da análise de livros e monografias publicadas neste mesmo período. Assim foram identificadas as três principais linhas de investigação: estudos antropológicos, estudos interét- nicos e estudos interculturais. Discute-se a variabilidade das definições de maltrato encontradas e as dificuldades de operacionalização desse fenômeno, responsáveis pela impossibilidade de aceder a números seguros de prevalência e a reais estudos comparativos. Não obstante essa dificuldade, constata-se a ampla disseminação da violência contra as mulheres em todas as sociedades estudadas, assim como a generalização das desigualdades sociais na distribuição do poder e dos recursos e das concepções hierárquicas da vida familiar. A violência contra a mulher parece, contudo, ser menor nos países mais pacificados e onde o estatuto das mulheres é superior.
Downloads
Referências
ABNEY, V. (2002), “Cultural competency in the field of child maltreatment”, in J. Myers et al. (eds.), The APSAC handbook onchild maltreatm ent, Thousand Oaks, Sage, pp. 477-85.
AMOAKOHENE, M. (2004), “Violence against woman in Ghana: A look at womens perceptions and review of policy and social responses”. S ocial S cien ce & M edicine, 59: 2.373-85.
ANTONOPOULOU, C. (1999), “Domestic violence in Greece”. American Psychologist, 54: 62-5.
APAV. (s.d.), Relatório P enélope sobre violência dom éstica no Sul da Europa. Lisboa, APAV. ARAI, M. (1999), “Japan”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International persp ectives on fa m ily violence a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 283-99.
BARKER, G. & LOEWENSTEIN, I. (1997), “Where the boys are: attitudes related to masculinity, fatherhood, and violence toward women among low-income adolescent and young adult males in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil”. Youth & Society, 29: 166-96.
BOONZAIER, F. & DE LA REY, C. (2003), ‘“He’s a man, and I’m a woman’. Cultural constructions of masculinity and femininity in South African women’s narratives of violence”. Violence Against Women, 9: 1.003-29.
BREITING, V. B. et al. (1989), “Injuries due to deliberate violence in areas of Denmark. Violence against woman and children”. Forensic S cience International, 41: 285-94.
BROWNRIDGE, D. (2002), “Cultural variation in male partner violence against women”. Violence Against Women, 8: 87-115.
CAMPBELL, J. (1999), “Sanctions and sanctuary: Wife battering within cultural contexts”, in D. Counts, J. Brown & J. Campbell (eds.), To have a n d to hit. C ultural perspectives on w ife beating, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, pp. 261-85.
CHAWLA, S. (1999), “India”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), In ternation al perspectives on fa m ily violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 265-79.
CORTINA, L. (2001), “Assessing sexual harassment among Latinas: development of an instrument”. Cultural D iversity a n d E thnic M inority Psychology, 7: 164-81.
COUNTS, D.; BROWN, J.; & CAMPBELL, J. (eds.) (1999), To h a ve a n d to hit. Cultural perspectives on w ife beating, Urbana, University of Illinois Press.
DALLOS, R.; & MCLAUGHLIN, E. (eds.) (1993), S ocial problem s a n d the fa m ily, London, Sage Publications.
DAWLA, A. (2000), “Reproductive rights of Egiptian woman: Issues for debate”. Reproductive H ealth M atters, 8: 45-54.
DIOP-SIDIBÉ, N.; CAMPBELL, J. & BECKER, S. (2006), “Domestic violence against women in Egypt - wife beating and health outcomes”. S ocial S cience & M edicine, 62 (5):
-77.
DONOVAN, E. (2004), “England”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), In ternation al perspectives on family violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 33-50.
EL-KHOURY, M. et al. (2004), “Ethnic differences in battered women’s formal help-seeking strategies: a focus on health, mental health, and spirituality”. Cultural D iversity a n d Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10: 383-93.
ELLSBERG, M. et al. (1999), “Domestic violence and emotional distress among Nicaraguan woman”. American Psychologist, 54: 30-6.
FASTENKO, A. & TIMOFEEVA, I. (1999), “Russia”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International perspectives on fa m ily violence a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 111-29. FOURIE, R. (1999), “South Africa”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International perspectives
on fa m ily violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 245-61.
GAGE, A. (2005), “Women’s experience of intimate partner violence”. Social S cien ce & M edicine, 61: 343-64.
GILLUM, T. (2002), “Exploring the link between stereotypic images and intimate partner violence in the African American Community”. Violence Against Women, 8: 64-86.
HAJ-YAHIA, M. (1999), “Wife abuse and its psychological consequences as revealed by the first Palestinian national survey on violence against women”. Jo u rn a l o f Family Psychology, 13: 642-62.
HAJ-YAHIA, M. (2001), “The incidence of witnessing interparental violence and some of its psychological consequences among Arab adolescents”. Child Abuse & N eglect, 25 (7): 885-907.
HAJ-YAHIA, M. (2002), “The impact of wife abuse on marital relations as revealed by the second Palestinian national survey on violence against women”. Jou rn a l o f Family Psychology, 16,3: 273-285.
HALL, G.; SUE, S.; NARAG, D. & LILLY, R. (2000), “Culture-specific models of men’s sexual aggression: intra- and interpersonal determinants”. Cultural D iversity a n d Ethnic
Minority Psychology, 6: 252-67.
HALL, G. et al. (2005), “Ethnicity, culture, and sexual aggression: risk and protective factors”.
Jo u rn a l o f C onsulting a n d C linical Psychology, 73: 830-40.
HAUKSDOTTIR, A. & GESTSDOTTIR, S. (2004), “Iceland”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International perspectives on fa m ily violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 17-32.
HAUTZINGER, S. (2003), “Researching men’s violence - personal reflections on ethnographic data”. M en a n d M asculinities, 6: 93-106.
HEGLAND, M. (1999), “Wife abuse and the political system: a middle eastern case study”, in D. Counts, J. Brown & J. Campbell (eds.), To h a ve a n d to hit. Cultural perspectives on w ife beating, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, pp. 234-51.
HORNE, S. (1999), “Domestic violence in Russia”. American Psychologist, 54 (1): 55-61.
HOU, W.; WANG, H. & CHUNG, H. (2004), “Domestic violence against women in Taiwan: Their life-threatening situations, post-traumatic responses, and psycho-physiological symptoms”. International Jou rn a l o f N ursing Studies, 42 (6): 629-636.
JANG, M. & KIM, M. (1999), “Korea”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International p ersp ectives on fa m ily violence a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 301-19.
JEWKES, R., LEVIN, J. & PENN-KEKANA, L. (2002), “Risk factors for domestic violence: Findings from South African cross-sectional study”. Social Science & M edicine, 55: 1.603-17.
KASTIRIRANGAN, A.; KRISHNAN, S. & RIGER, S. (2004), “The impact of culture and minority status on womens experience of domestic violence”. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 5: 318-32.
KIM, I. & ZANE, N. (2004), “Ethnic and cultural variations in anger regulation and attachment patterns among Korean American and European American male batterers”. Cultural Diversity a n d E thnic M inority Psychology, 10: 151-69.
KOZU, J. (1999), “Domestic violence in Japan”. A merican Psychologist, 54: 50-5.
KWIATKOWSKA, A. (1998), “Gender stereotypes and beliefs about family violence in Poland”, in R. Klein (Ed.), M ultidisciplinary perspectives on fa m ily violence, London, Routledge, pp. 129-52.
LEEMBRUGGEN-KALLBERG, E., RUPPRECHT, S. & CADMUS, D. (1999). “Germany”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International perspectives on fa mily violence and abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 89-107.
LEVESQUE, R. (2001), Culture a n d fa m ily violence. Washington, APA.
LEVINSON, D. (1989), Family violence in cross-cultural perspective. Newbury Park, Sage. Liu, H. (1999), “Taiwan”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International perspectives on fa m ily violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 321-37.
MACHADO, C. (2005), “Violência nas famílias portuguesas. Um estudo representativo na região Norte”. Psychologica, 39: 173-94.
MACHADO, C. & DIAS, A. R. (2007). “Abordajes inter-culturales de la violência familiar: teoria y investigación”, in R. Arce, F. Farina, E. Alfaro, C. Civera & F. Tortosa (eds.), Psicologia jurídica , violência y víctim as, Diputació de València, Colección Psicologia y Ley n. 4, pp. 93-
MALLEY-MORRISON, K. & HINES, D. (2004), Family violen ce in a cu ltural perspective. Thousand Oaks, Sage.
MARKOWITZ, F. E. (2001), “Attitudes and family violence: linking intergenerational and cultural theories”. Jou rn a l o f Family Violence, 16: 205-18.
MATOS, M. (2000), Violência conjugal: o processo d e construção da identidade da m ulher.
Dissertação de mestrado. Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.
MCWHIRTER, R (1999), “Domestic violence in Chile”. American Psychologist, 54: 37-40.
MEHROTRA, M. (1999), “The social construction of wife abuse - experiences of Asian women in the United States”. Violence Against Women, 5: 619-40.
MENJÍVAR, C. & SALCIDO, O. (2002), “Immigrant women and domestic violence — common experiences in different countries”. G ender & Society, 16: 898-920.
MILLER, B. (1999), “Wife beating in India: Variations on a theme”, in D. Counts, J. Brown & J. Campbell (eds.), To have a n d to hit. Cultural perspectives on w ife beating, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, pp. 203-15.
MORAES, C. & REICHENHEIM, M .(2002), “Domestic violence during pregnancy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil”. International Jo u rn a l ofG in ecology a n d Obstetrics, 79: 269-77.
NAYAK, M. et al. (2003), “Attitudes toward violence against women: a cross-nation study”. Sex Roles, 49: 333-42.
NAZNEEN, R. (1998), “Violence in Bangladesh”, in S. French, W. Teays & L. Purdy (eds.), Violence against wom en, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, pp. 77-91.
NOLIDO, N. (2004), “The Philippines”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International p ersp ectives on family violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 339-60.
OFEI-ABOAGYE, R. (1994), “Domestic violence in Ghana: Some initial questions”, in M. Fineman & R. M ykitiuk (eds.), The p u b lic nature o f p riva te violence, New York, Routledge, pp. 260-84.
PAGOVICH. O. (2004), “Israel”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International perspectives on family violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 187-204.
PALLITTO, C. & O’CAMPO, P. (2005), “Community level effects of gender inequality on intimate partner violence and unintended pregnancy in Colombia: Testing the feminist perspective”. Social S cience & M edicine, 60: 2.205-16.
RAO, V. (1997), “Wife-beating in rural South India: a qualitative and econometric analysis”. Social S cien ce & M edicine, 44: 1.169-80.
RUÍZ-PÉREZ, I. e t al. (2005), “Sociodemographic associations of physical, emotional, and sexual intimate partner violence in spanish woman”. Annals o f E pidem iology, 16 (5): 357-363.
SARAGA, E. (1996), “Dangerous places: the family as a site of crim e”, in J. Muncie & E. McLaughlin (eds.), The p roblem o f crim e, London, Sage, pp. 183-226.
STATHOPOULOU, G. (1999), “Greece”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International perspectives on fa m ily violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 131-49.
TANG, C., WONG, D. & CHEUNG, F. (2002), “Social construction of women as legitimate victims of violence in Chinese societies”. Violence Against Women, 8: 968-96.
UNFPA (FUNDO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS PARA A POPULAÇÃO). (2004), A situação da população m undial 2004. O consenso do Cairo dez anos depois: População, saúde reprodutiva e esforços m undiais para acabar com a pobreza. Nova York, UNFPA.
VANDELLO, J. & COHEN, D. (2003), “Male honor and female fidelity: implicit cultural
scripts that perpetuate domestic violence”. Jo u rn a l o f Personality a n d S ocial Psychology, 84: 997-1.010.
WALKER, L. (1999), “Psychology and domestic violence around the world”. A merican Psychologist, 54: 21-9.
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (2002). World report on violence a n d health. Geneva, WHO Publications.
YALÇINKAYA, A. (1999), “Turkey”, in K. Malley-Morrison (ed.), International perspectives on fa m ily violen ce a n d abuse, Mahwah, LEA, pp. 151-63.
YOSHIOKA, M.; DINOIA, J. & ULLAH, K. (2001), “Attitudes toward marital violence. An examination of four Asian communities”. Violence Against Women, 7: 900-26.
ZAKIROVA, V. (2005), “War against the family: Domestic violence and human rights in Russia - a view from the Bashkortostan Republic”. Current Sociology, 53: 75-91.
